Siyinombolo yokuqala kwibhokisi yakho yokungenayo, sikunika ezona ndaba zibalulekileyo kushishino-lokwenza ukuba ukrelekrele kwaye inyathelo elinye phambili kule marike itshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhuphisane.
Siyinombolo yokuqala kwibhokisi yakho yokungenayo, sikunika ezona ndaba zibalulekileyo kushishino-lokwenza ukuba ukrelekrele kwaye inyathelo elinye phambili kule marike itshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhuphisane.
Ubuninzi kangange-40% yemibhobho yezixhobo zamandla yimibhobho yokusetyenziswa komhlaba. Ukukhetha indlela yoqhagamshelo ekunene kunokunceda ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye ube nkulu
ifuthe kwizibonelelo zoqoqosho zeprojekthi iphela.
Icandelo lokuvelisa umbane eUnited States likhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye iinkampani ezakha nokulawula izityalo zamandla nazo ziyatshintsha. Inani lezityalo zamandla egesi yendalo liyanda, kwaye ipesenti yezityalo zamandla elizweni iyanda. Imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo njengomoya, amandla elanga kunye namandla ombane asebenzisa irhasi yendalo njengomthombo wamafutha.
Namhlanje, iindleko ezisezantsi zezinto ezibonakalayo zenze ipateni apho imithombo yamafutha emininzi ilingana ngokulinganayo, kwaye imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo ngokuthe ngcembe iyathandwa. Iziphumo ezicacileyo zotshintsho kwigesi yendalo kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo kukuba i-United States inezityalo ezimbalwa eziphehla amandla amalahle kunangaphambili. Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, amalahle ayesetyenziselwa ukubonelela malunga nama-75% amaziko. Namhlanje, zingaphantsi kwama-35% izityalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle.
Imiba yoyilo yokwenziwa kwamandla nayo yenze utshintsho, kwaye olu tshintsho luchaphazele ukuphunyezwa kwezizukulwana ezitsha kunye nokulungiswa. Kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ikhontrakthi, iikhontrakthi zokuthenga kunye nolwakhiwo (i-EPC) zavela nje kushishino lokuvelisa amandla. Kule mihla, iikhontrakthi ze-EPC zixhaphake kakhulu, kwaye iinkampani ezininzi nangakumbi zibonelela ngexabiso elisisigxina lokuhanjiswa kweprojekthi kwindawo enokhuphiswano ngakumbi.
Ukufumana iindlela zokunciphisa ixesha lokusebenza kwindawo kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kolwakhiwo kube yinxalenye yale nto intsha. I-EPC yenza uyilo lwe-turnkey olunokuthi "lisike kwaye lincamathisele" emsebenzini wexesha elizayo ukubonelela ngezisombululo ezifanelekileyo. Ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kwala manyathelo kukhokelele ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwishedyuli yeprojekthi, ethe yatshintsha ngokusisigxina okulindelweyo ngabanini beempahla. Namhlanje, kunokwenzeka ukugqibezela umzi-mveliso ophehlwa igesi kwiminyaka emibini enesiqingatha, xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umzi-mveliso unokuvelisa umbane kwaye uvelise ingeniso ngesiqingatha sexesha.
Ukusuka kwimbono yomnini, isigqibo sokunikezela ngeeprojekthi ngokusekwe kwinkampani enokuyakha umziwo ngokukhawuleza nangowona mgangatho ubalaseleyo, ngaloo ndlela iguqulela ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso nakwimveliso yengeniso. Kwiinkampani zokwakha, oku kuyonyusa iziteki kwaye kubonelela ngoncedo lokhuphiswano kwiinkampani ezinokuthi zihlangabezane nezicwangciso ezingxamisekileyo.
Nangona zininzi iinguqu ezenzekileyo kushishino lokuvelisa umbane, ezinye izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlala zinjalo. Kwiinkampani zokwakha, abantu bahlala benethemba lokubonelela ngokhuseleko, ukusebenza ngokukuko, ukuthembeka kunye nomgangatho. Nokuba yeyiphi na ingxaki le projekthi ijongene nayo, abaniniyo banethemba lokuba inkampani yolwakhiwo iya kuziphumeza iziphumo ngexesha kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali ngaphandle kokulalanisa kwezi mfuno ziphambili.
Abanini bezityalo zamandla bathatha izigqibo zotyalo-mali kwiiprojekthi ezintsha kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemali, kwaye uninzi lwezityalo zamandla zihlala zisebenzisa irhasi yendalo njengamafutha. Ngokwedatha evela kuLawulo lweNgcaciso yezaMandla e-US, eqokelele uthotho lweenkcukacha ezivela kumzi mveliso wamandla wase-US, iindleko zomndilili wexabiso lezityalo zerhasi yendalo ngo-2017 zazimalunga ne-US $ 920 / kW. Oku kuphakame kancinci kunexabiso lokwakha indawo yokuvelisa umbane eqhutywa lulwelo lwepetroli, kodwa kubiza ixabiso eliphantsi kunokwakha umzi mveliso oqhutywa ngamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Ukudityaniswa kombhobho ongaphezulu komhlaba kufana nokuwelda. Nabani na owakha wathatha inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi kubandakanya ukuwelda uyazi ukuba ukuwelda kuzisa ucelomngeni. Ipemethe yokusebenza eshushu kufuneka ifunyanwe ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenza, kwaye ukuwelda kufuna abasebenzi abanezakhono, ekungasoloko kulula ukufumaneka, ngakumbi kwimarike yanamhlanje yabasebenzi. Ukongeza, ekubeni ukuwelda kuxhomekeke kwimozulu, iimeko ezinzima ziya kuyicothisa inkqubela phambili. Kwiimeko ezomileyo nezinomoya, i-welding ihlala ifuna ukujonga umlilo, oko kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi abongezelelweyo kufuneka bathunyelwe kwindawo leyo kwaye banokubangela ukonzakala.
Endaweni yokubambelela kowona msebenzi uqhele ukwenziwa, kunokuba luncedo ukolula imesh ebanzi kwaye uqwalasele ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezihlanganisiweyo endaweni ye-welding. Kwimibhobho yokusetyenziswa esetyenziselwa amanzi etephu, ukupholisa amanzi, iinkqubo zomoya, i-glycol kunye neenkqubo ze-nitrogen, le mibhobho inokubalelwa i-30% ukuya kwi-40% yamacandelo ombhobho walo msebenzi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamalungu aqingqiweyo oomatshini (Umzobo 1) kunokuba Khokelela ekongeni iindleko.
1. Ukudityaniswa kwamalungu ngokudibeneyo kungonga iindleko ezininzi kwaye kuphucule ukusebenza kwemibhobho yoluntu emhlabeni. Ngokuzithoba: Victaulic
Ukudityaniswa komatshini kweGrooved kuqheleke kakhulu kwiinkampani ezininzi ze-EPC kunye nolwakhiwo. Kule minyaka, abantu abaninzi basebenzise le teknoloji kukhuseleko lomlilo, ukufudumeza, ukungena komoya kunye neenkqubo zomoya (HVAC). Iikontraki zihlala zisebenzisa ezi zinto zidibeneyo ukongeza isantya kunye nokuthembeka, kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko. Ukufakwa kokuhlangana akudingi ukusetyenziswa kobushushu obuphezulu okanye iimvume zokutsha, ke loo nto ayizukuvezwa ngumsi okanye idangatye, kwaye akukho mfuneko yokujongana netanki lamanzi, itotshi okanye umkhombandlela ngexesha lenkqubo yofakelo.
Ulawulo lwabasebenzi yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeprojekthi nganye yokwakha, kwaye wonke umntu okwishishini lokwakha kufuneka ajongane nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi abanezakhono. EMntla Melika, ukufumana abantu abafanelekileyo abanezakhono ezifunekayo kunzima, kwaye ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi kunefuthe elibi kwishedyuli yeprojekthi.
Namhlanje, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi eMntla Melika kubi kakhulu kunakuqala, kwaye akukho sisombululo kule ngxaki. Inyani yile yokuba ukuba iprojekthi ayinabasebenzi kwimisebenzi ephambili enje nge-welding, ifuthe kwiprojekthi liya kuba libanzi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwemiqadi yokuhlanganisa enamaqhekeza yindlela yokuyila nendleko. Xa kuthelekiswa nokuwelda, obu buchwephesha bunezinto eziluncedo kuba abufuneki kusetyenziswakwashushu, akukho mvume yokutsha, akukho mlilo womlilo kunye neeX-reyi, kwaye uyilo olulula lwesixhobo sokudibanisa sinokufakwa kusetyenziswa izixhobo zomgangatho eziqhelekileyo.
Kwiprojekthi yakutshanje, ngaphezulu kwe-120 izixhobo zokulungisa umbhobho zaqeqeshwa ukufakela amalungu adibeneyo kwimizuzu engaphantsi kwama-20. Eli qela lokulungisa imibhobho linokukhawulezisa ukwenza yonke iprojekthi ngaphandle kwengozi. Kwi-avareji, nkqu nakwabaqalayo, ukufaka inkqubo ye-slotting ngoomatshini ngama-50% ukuya kuma-60% ngokukhawuleza kune-welding (Umzobo 2).
2. Xa kuthelekiswa nokudibanisa, ixesha lokufakelwa kwamalungu aqingqiweyo alungiselelwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye asebenze ngakumbi. Ngokuzithoba: Victaulic
Olunye uncedo lokusebenzisa umatshini odityanisiweyo odityanisiweyo kukuba le nkqubo inokubekwa phambili, enganiki kuphela ukuhambelana kwemveliso, kodwa ikonga nexesha kuba i-spool inokufakwa kwindawo yokwakha. Xa kuthelekiswa nendibano yesiza, ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kungonga imveliso kunye nokuphucula ukhuseleko.
Ukufakwa ngokuchanekileyo kubalulekile kumacandelo ombane, esinye sezizathu zokuqinisekisa ukuba uqeqesho kunye nesiqinisekiso se welders kubaluleke kakhulu. Kunzima ukwahlula umgangatho weentsimbi ezigqityiweyo ngokujonga, kwaye kuvavanyo okanye ii-X-ray akunakusoloko kuchonga ii-welds ezibuthathaka. Ukudibanisa ngokungafanelekanga kunokuba kubiza kakhulu, okukhokelela kwilahleko enkulu yomzimba kunye nemali ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Inkangeleko yokudityaniswa kwemitshini yomatshini inokuvavanywa, yenze lula ulawulo lomgangatho kunye nokwenza ukuba abafaki babe nezakhono ezisisiseko zokuqinisekisa ukuba indibaniselwano nganye ifakwe ngokuchanekileyo. Oku kususa amanye amaxwebhu olawulo lomgangatho afunekayo ekuhlolweni kwe-welding, kubandakanya i-X-ray kunye / okanye uvavanyo lokungena kwedayi.
Amalungu oomatshini nawo kulula ukuwagcina. Ngokwesiko, ukulungiswa kwamalungu adibeneyo kuthatha ixesha kwaye kuyabiza. Nangona kunjalo, ukufaka endaweni yamalungu adibeneyo ngoomatshini kulula njengokuwafaka, kwaye kuba phantse wonke umntu osebenza kumzi-mveliso wamandla angaqeqeshwa ukuwabeka endaweni yawo kwimizuzu nje embalwa, ukonga indleko kubalulekile kunokufezekiswa ngokuhamba kwexesha (Umzobo 3). Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba isityalo samandla esiqhelekileyo se-1000 MW sinokuvelisa i-1 yezigidi zeedola kwingeniso ngosuku, ukunciphisa ixesha apho amandla ombane angaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi okanye phantsi komthamo opheleleyo kunokuzisa izibonelelo ezinkulu.
3. Xa kuthelekiswa nezisombululo ze-welding, ukusetyenziswa kwezisombululo ze-Victaulic kunokubenza abasebenzi basebenze ngakumbi. Ngokuzithoba: Victaulic
Ukudityaniswa kwemitshini yoomatshini kusetyenziswe iminyaka emininzi kwizicelo ezininzi zamandla ombane kwizikhululo zamandla eziphezulu eziphezulu. Obu buchwephesha busetyenziswe ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100 kwaye bunerekhodi ethembekileyo.
Ngexesha lokucinywa kwezityalo ezixineneyo kumzi-mveliso wamandla ombane eHersey, isisombululo somatshini esivumayo savumela ukufakelwa kwamanzi okupholisa kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela umlilo ngaphakathi kwexesha elinzima. Kwifektri esePennsylvania, ii-coupling grooved coupling zazisetyenziselwa ukunyanzela imigca yomoya kunye nezixhobo zomoya ukuhlangabezana neshedyuli yokwakha ekhawulezileyo; ngokufanayo, umzi-mveliso e-Arkansas usebenzise isixhobo somoya, umoya oxinzelelweyo ngesizathu esifanayo. Obu buchwephesha busetyenziswa emoyeni, emanzini angcolileyo nakwimigca yamanzi okupholisa. Kwiprojekthi yenguqu yesityalo samandla eAlaska, umsebenzi wobushushu obuphezulu awuvumelekanga kwisiza kwaye abasebenzi abanezakhono bayasilela. Inkqubo isebenzisa inkqubo yoqhagamshelo lombhobho ojikeleziweyo ukuphucula inkqubo eyongezelelekileyo yokuhambisa amanzi ngeturbine, ngaloo ndlela ibonelela ngesisombululo Ayifezekisi nje kuphela imfuno yokungasebenzi kweqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, kodwa ikonga amawaka eedola kwimisebenzi nakwishedyuli.
Njengamanye amacandelo amaninzi, icandelo lokwakha nalo liphantsi koxinzelelo lokonyusa ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokonga iindleko. Oku kubeka amabango aphezulu kumnini, i-EPC kunye nekhontraktha. Ngoku kunakuqala, kukho imfuneko yokuvavanya nokusebenzisa iindlela ezinobuchule zokuphumeza ngempumelelo uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali okanye iiprojekthi ezingekho kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali.
Xa iimeko zentengiso zinqunyelwe kwaye zinesiphithiphithi, ukubonelela ngezisombululo ezinokuthenjwa kubaluleke ngakumbi. Nangona kunokubonakala ngathi kuphikisana nokuthatha indlela eyahlukileyo kwezi meko zingqongqo, enyanisweni, kule meko, izisombululo zemveli zingangumqobo omkhulu. Alikho ixesha elingcono kunangoku lokucinga ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-Victaulic mechanical grooved coupling systems ngaphandle kwesakhelo. ■
-UDan Christian yinjineli eqeshiweyo yamandla eVictaulic kunye ne-petroleum injineli kunye nomlawuli weemarike zamandla ehlabathi, ngelixa uChris Iasielo, PE eyingcali yokuvelisa amandla eVictaulic.
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Ixesha Post: Sep-02-2020